In this article, we will briefly explore the chemical composition of honey. Aug 21, 2014 honey derives from plant nectar, which is a mix of various different sugars, proteins, and other compounds, in a water solution. Downloaded from professor peter molans articles on edupetermolan the nature and composition of honey what is honey. For example, dobrudzhas sunflower honey might differ in. The chemical composition of honey produced by apis dorsata. In this study, mh and imh from apis mellifera colonies during the same rapeseed flower season were compared. Honey is about 80 percent fructose and glucose, and between 17 to 18 percent water. It does not have consistent properties, such as the exact number of atoms or specific molecule form. They are about 83 degrees brix and has very low moisture. Sugar gives the main characteristics of honey sweetness, water folows the liquid, and components that are found in small quantities determine the differences between various types of honey. This article describes the composition, biological and pharmacological properties, therapeutic activity and uses of propolis in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. Jul 21, 2014 firstly, the chemical composition of manuka honey is described, with special attention given to its polyphenolic composition and other bioactive compounds, such as glyoxal and methylglyoxal. Natural honey has a complex and heterogeneous composition, the components of which are directly dependent on the type of vegetation, the soil, the weather conditions, the breed of bees and their strength, the conditions under which the nectar is collected, some additional actions on the part of the beekeeper and many others. Honey has a long history of use as an effective medicine since ancient civilization for a wide range of disease conditions 11.
In summer, when sources of nectar and pollen are abundant, more honey is produced than is needed, and is stored in the combs. The test tube is kept in a boiling water bath for about ten minutes. Jul 25, 2016 its no small feathoney is composed of at least 181 components. Honey is one of the most popular natural sweet substances. It will not occur in honey that has a carbohydrate content 83%, a moisture content chemical composition of the types of honey was very diverse, owing to the presence of compounds from different chemical types, for instance. Botanical and biographical origins of honey are an important issue in food quality and safety. The water content of honey is related to different fac. Moreira, r f a 2003 volatile compounds in floral honeys. Sugar gives the main characteristics of honey sweetness, water folows the liquid, and components that are found in small quantities determine the differences between various types of. Heat labile compounds may destroyed after excessive heat treatment and honey flavor was changed as a result of producing volatile compound by maillard reaction wootton et. Furthermore, differences in climatic conditions and vegetations are important factors that can affect the various properties of honey. A study was made of the chemical composition of seven samples of apis dorsata honey and of one composite sample of apis mellifera honey, all collected in the philippines carbohydrate made up 9098% of the total solids of a. Its unique taste is a result of complex chemical processes, which is why sugary syrup substitutes just cant compare.
Carbohydrate made up 9098% of the total solids of a. Chemical composition, stability and authenticity 2015 da silva, priscila missio cony gaucheauthordepartment of food science and technology, federal university of santa catarina, florianpolis, sc, brazil luciano valdemiro gonzagaauthordepartment of food science and technology, federal university of santa catarina, florianpolis, sc, brazil ana carolina oliveira. Maintaining a balance between sugar to water is critical to the quality of honey. The honey book, chapter 5 honey composition stefan bogdanov chemical composition honey is composed mainly from carbohydrates, lesser amounts. Composition of honey honey is composed of sugar about 76%, water 18% and other ingredients that make up about 6%. An average sample of honey is composed of water, sugar levulose, dextrose, sucrose, dexrin, ash minerals like calcium, iron, phosphate and manganese, about 8 components of vitamin complex pantothenic acid, biotin, pyridoxin, choline, ascorbic acid, thiamine, riboflavin and miacin. Its radical scavenging potential has also been reported. Chemical composition of honey springerlink honey chemical composition ility and authenticity chemical structures of the more common flavonoids in honey molecular structure of honey raymond 2010 whats people lookup in this blog. Composition of honey discover the benefits of honey. Chemical composition, stability and authenticity 2015 da silva, priscila missio cony gaucheauthordepartment of food science and technology, federal university of santa catarina, florianpolis, sc, brazil luciano valdemiro gonzagaauthordepartment of food science and technology, federal university of santa catarina, florianpolis, sc, brazil ana carolina oliveira costaauthordepartment of. Enzymes play an important role in honey and contribute to its functional properties. Excess water, for example from poor storage, can trigger the. The first signs of humans using honey dates back thousands of years, one of the evidence of humans harvesting honey is drawn on a rock wall in valencia, spain over 8,000 years ago.
Comparison of the chemical composition and biological. It is difficult to appreciate the organic abilities of the honey we use in todays world. The botanical and geographical origins of the nectar are related with the chemical composition of honey. The main group of antioxidants in honey are the flavonoids, of which one, pinocembrin, is. Last year alone, bees in the united states produced a whopping 158 million pounds of honey. Through processes such as the specific enzymes present in honey, high temperature and long storage time, honey may change and degrade into new products such as furans, amino acids, alcohols and new phenolic compounds and new volatile. Other species of bee use the same sorts of chemicals, but arent generally as complicated as the honeybee in terms of society and behaviour.
Carbohydrates unsurprisingly, these comprise the major portion of honey about 82%. The chemical composition of honey semantic scholar. The chemical composition of the types of honey was very diverse, owing to the presence of compounds from different chemical types, for instance. Mh was found to have lower water content, lower acidity, and higher. Jun 20, 20 nectar a sugary liquid is extracted from flowers using a bees long, tubeshaped tongue and stored in its extra stomach, or crop. Then, the effect of manuka honey in wound treatment is described, as well as its antioxidant activity and other important biological effects. Analysis of biochemical composition of honey samples from. Chemical composition, characterization, and differentiation. In early times the mineral content was determined as a quality criterion of read more. The chemical composition of one of the most known apitherapeutics, bee pollen, depends strongly on the plant source and geographic origin, together with other factors such as climatic conditions, soil type, and bees race and activities 1, 2. A study was made of the chemical composition of seven samples of apis dorsata honey and of one composite sample of apis mellifera honey, all collected in the philippines. The variety of honey produced by honey bees the genus apis is the.
Blossom honeys have a slightly different composition than that of honeydew honey. It also contains ascorbic acid vitamin c, and the minerals calcium, iron, zinc, potassium, phosphorous, magnesium, selenium, chromium and manganese. Honey is the sweet result of the bees magically transforming the nectar they gather from flowers. The chemical composition of honey request pdf researchgate. A shining silver mirror indicates the presence of reducing carbohydrates. Honey is a supersaturated sugar solution, created by bees, and used by human beings as a sweetener. At room temperature, honey is a supercooled liquid, in.
They collect water to cool the hive and to dilute the honey before they consume it. Phytochemical analysis and chemical composition of different. Composition honey is composed primarily of the sugars glucose and fructose. However, honey is more than just a supersaturated sugar solution. Phytochemical analysis and chemical composition of. Carbohydrate composition of honey types number of samples floral type dextrose levulose sucrose maltose higher sugars percent percent percent percent percent 23 alfalfa 33. The carbohydrates present are the monosaccharides fructose 38.
Request pdf the chemical composition of honey almost all honey are derived from nectar. Fresh honey is a supersaturated liquid, containing more sugar than the water can typically dissolve at ambient temperatures. Table 2 fermentation fermentation in honey is caused by osmophilic yeasts. The physical properties of honey vary, depending on water content, the type of flora used to produce it pasturage, temperature, and the proportion of the specific sugars it contains.
Additionally, about 25 different oligosaccharides have been detected in the composition of honey. Analysis of physical and chemical composition of honey. Honey is a sweet, viscous food substance made by honey bees and some related insects. While sloshing around in the crop, the nectar mixes with. The same was true for the same type of honey from various locations. The precise chemical composition and physical properties of natural honeys differ according to the plant species on which the bees forage. Hence, the chemical composition, stability and authenticity of honey collaborate in the integration of the quality of this. Bees store honey in wax structures called honeycombs. This chapter focuses on use of chemical components to determine botanical and geographical origins of honey. The study analyzed the physical and chemical compositions of seven honey samples, which were obtained from selected markets in ibadan metropolis. Where comparisons were made of the composition of the same types of honey from 2 crop years, relatively small or no differences were found. Apitherapeutics are natural agents which contain groups of chemical compounds with approved action and range of activity. Bees produce honey from the sugary secretions of plants floral nectar or from secretions of other insects such as honeydew, by regurgitation, enzymatic activity, and water evaporation. One tablespoon of white, granulated sugar contains 49.
The composition and flavour of honey varies with the plant source of the nectar processing and storage but a typical composition is 41% percent fructose, 34%, 18% and 2% sucrose with a ph value of 3. The entomological origin of the honey was known for 17 species of meliponini from brazil, one from cos ta rica, six. Lactones may be considered to be a reserve acidity, since by chemically adding water to them hydrolysis an acid is formed. Honey is composed of different chemical compounds, including sugars, proteins, amino acids, vitamins, organic acids, phenolic compounds and volatile compounds. Seven samples of honey were obtained namely from sample a forestry honey ibadan, sample b pure honey, sample c mr.
Eric ej820826 the chemical composition of honey, journal. Whilst nectar composition varies from plant to plant, and a range of chemical compounds are commonly present, often the dominant sugar is sucrose. Nectar a sugary liquid is extracted from flowers using a bees long, tubeshaped tongue and stored in its extra stomach, or crop. The botanical and geographical origins of the nectar. Or, to be a bit more exact, the chemistry and chemicals used by the european honeybee, apis mellifera. It demonstrates a series of actions such as antifungal, antimicrobial, antiviral, antiinflammatory, hepatoprotective, anticancer immunostimulating, and local analgesic.
The honey saga tells the story of the undercover agents desire to return to a regular life when he falls in love with a widow. Similarly, the respective values of hmf content in 1996 were in control samples, in samples heated to 63 c, and then to 82 c as follows. Honey derives from plant nectar, which is a mix of various different sugars, proteins, and other compounds, in a water solution. Bee pollen is a valuable apitherapeutic product greatly appreciated by the natural medicine because of its potential medical and nutritional applications. These books are written as an example that older individuals still hope to find true love, can be insecure or have doubts, all which can be magnified in a youthoriented society. Increasing of storage time or temperature can have a significant effect on the chemical composition and oganoleptic characteristics of honeys castrovasquez et al.
Chemical characteristics ph honey contains a number of acids which include amino acids 0. A wellpopulated honeybee colony in a good location may collect as much as 450 kilograms of nectar, water, and pollen per year. Definition of honey and honey products approved by the national honey board june 15, 1996 updated september 27, 2003. Firstly, the chemical composition of manuka honey is described, with special attention given to its polyphenolic composition and other bioactive. Analysis of biochemical composition of honey samples from north. Pdf composition and properties of apis mellifera honey.